Java Annotations: A [Somewhat] Brief Introduction

So in my last post where I described a messaging system we implemented, I also mentioned our use of annotations. I thought it would be appropriate to write a follow-up post with a brief introduction to them, so here it is. I'm going to talk about annotations in the Java sense, but a lot of this propagates to other [reflective] languages too.

Annotations are often defined as "notes of explanation or comments added to text". In Java, one can regard an annotation as metadata attached to code, a piece of code describing code. Well, the first question that one might ask is "Why do I need this when I can just use comments?" and indeed, this question makes for an excellent starting point when writing an introduction. Well, probably the main reason to have annotations over comments is that annotations are part of the language, with a specific syntax, which in turn allows parsers to easily understand them. Comments, on the other hand, could be in any form and would be a huge mess to understand by a compiler, unless a certain standard was specified.

"So what good are they for?" you might ask next. Well, they can let you do some pretty neat stuff. First I should describe the three flavors of annotations in Java:

source code

Present at the source code level only and will be discarded by the compiler during compilation. These guys are useful to give hints to compilers and programs as to the nature of the code itself. For example, one may have seen @Override or @Deprecated annotations when using Eclipse or other code. The former specifies that an error should be produced if the method doesn't override one in a super class, and the latter indicates a class, method, etc. as deprecated.

class

This is the default flavor. Compilers will produce bytecode containing these annotations, but you probably won't be able to access these during runtime. Useful if you are doing bytecode analysis of code.

runtime

To me, possibly one of the more useful flavors of annotations for developers. These annotations can be requested at runtime, which allows you to do neat tricks. The reason this is possible is due to the reflective nature of Java. You can access this through the Class.getAnnotations() method

So how do we create an annotation? Well, it's pretty straightforward. Note that I'll be using the messaging system from my previous post as an example. Here's what the Message annotation looks like:

@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(value = {ElementType.FIELD})
public @interface Message {
    Class<?>[] signature() default {};
}

So the first line says we want to be able to retrieve this annotation at runtime. Note the use of the @ symbol here. This is the notation used for annotations. The second line says what type of things this annotation can be applied to. In the above example, it can only be applied to a field in a class, but not methods, or classes themselves. Note the @ symbol before the interface keyword in the third line. This is how we define an annotation. Finally, the fourth line specifies the one and only property in our annotation, and that's an array of classes that specify the signature of the message (i.e., the types for the data that will accompany a message). We specify the default signature to be an empty array. What's interesting in this example is that we used annotations to describe an annotation itself (@Retention and @Target describe @Message).

For our messaging system, the field itself is a static member that is a String, and that string defines the name of the message. For example,

@Message(signature = {String.class})
public final static String MYMESSAGE = "myMessageName";

describes a message with the name "myMessageName" which sends a String argument to all receiving functions. If we wanted to, we could have defined a second property in the annotation for the message name. In our message delivery class, we can then loop through all the fields in a class to register messages like this:

public void registerSender(Class<? extends MessageSender> sender) {
  MessageData msgData = getData(sender);
  for(Field field : sender.getDeclaredFields()) {
    if(field.isAnnotationPresent(Message.class)) {
      if((field.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0)
        continue;
   
      Message msg = field.getAnnotation(Message.class);
      msgData.addMessage(field.get(null).toString(), msg.signature());
    }
  }
}

Note that, for simplicity, I excluded the try/catch blocks and log messages in the above. A fairly straightforward piece of code: for each field in the class, if the field is static and has the Message annotation, we add the message to the set of messages we understand. This is far more convenient than having to register each individual message. For message receivers we have a ReceiverMethod annotation that I won't explain, but it looks something like this:

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(value = { ElementType.METHOD })
public @interface ReceiverMethod {
  // Special message name which allows catching all messages from a sender
  public static final String CATCHALL = "<<all>>";
 
  // Properties
  public Class senderClass();
  public String message();
}

We can then do something similar to the registerSender method above to register our receiver. So that's my quick introduction to annotations. Maybe you can find other interesting ways to make use of these little critters in your own programs.